Page 14 - 2022-31-中国全科医学
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               【Abstract】 As main health service providers in primary care,general practitioners(GPs)undertake the responsibility
           of gatekeepers for residents' health. Vigorously training GPs will contribute to the transformation of the healthcare delivery model,
           and the addressing of the issue related to difficult and high cost of getting medical treatment in China. However,the number of
           qualified GPs is insufficient in China,and low income is a major factor associated with the willingness of medical students to
           work as a GP. How to take actions to recruit,retain and appropriately employ GPs in primary care is a problem that needs to be
           addressed urgently in the development of China's primary care workforce. To provide evidence for the improvement of China's
           payment system for GPs,we collected the information related to the payment for GPs in the United Kingdom,the United
           States,Australia,and China by reviewing relevant studies and relevant official websites of the four countries,and performed
           an inter-county comparative analysis of the information in terms of income source,income level,payment methods,payment
           composition,and performance appraisal. We found that the four countries have the following aspects in common:all of them own
           a payment system for GPs and an assessment system for service quality and effectiveness of GPs,adopt a mixed payment method
           for GPs,and use financial incentives to promote GPs to improve the quality of their performance. In addition,the United States
           and China have explored methods to decentralize the management of medical insurance funds,so that the primary healthcare
           institutions can independently redistribute the surplus funds which has improved the proactivity of GPs at work. And Australia has
           set up the "coefficient of difference" and scholarships/subsidies for GPs,and carried out free trainings for improving the service
           capacities of GPs working in remote areas,to increase the attractiveness of working as a GP.
               【Key words】 General practitioners;Salaries and fringe benefits;Performance assessment;Career attraction;
           Comparative study;Community health services



               全科医生是经过专业化培养,为个人、家庭和社                           行业平均水平。完善的薪酬制度及绩效考核制度不
           区提供优质、经济、方便、有效、一体化的医疗保                              仅吸引了大量优秀人才加入全科医生队伍,保障了
           健服务,进行生命、健康与疾病的全过程、全方位                              全科医生的合理收入水平,还推动了医疗服务的高
           负责式管理的医生         [1] 。截至 2020 年底,我国已有               质量发展。中国从 2011 年开始探索建立全科医生制
           408 820 名全科医生,每万名居民拥有 2.90 名全科医                     度,并逐步完善全科医生薪酬制度,目前全科医生
           生 [2-3] ,基层卫生人才队伍建设总体实现了“2020                       薪酬制度建设取得明显成效。研究显示,2013 年我
           年每万名居民拥有 2~3名全科医生”这一阶段性目标,                          国全科医生收入估值是人均国内生产总值(GDP)的
           但我国每万人全科医生数与发达国家相比,仍存在较                             2.7 倍 [12] ,其中北京市、上海市全科医生的实际收
           大差距。研究显示:一方面,提高全科医生薪酬水平、                            入和收入估值基本持平,但与北京市、上海市相比,
           增加全科医生数量,有助于提高基层医疗服务的质量                             其他省份全科医生的收入水平相对较低。同一地级
           和水平;另一方面,薪酬水平对医生离职意愿有显著                             市下,不同级别医疗机构、财政供养体系(下)的
           影响  [4] ,医学生从医意愿也和医生收入与付出比密                         全科医生的薪酬亦存在明显差异,主要表现在由街
           切相关   [5] 。建立完善的全科医生薪酬激励机制对于                        道或乡镇财政供养的全科医生收入比由区(县级市)
           提高全科医生职业吸引力、落实家庭医生签约服务                              财政供养的全科医生收入高,二级以上医院的全科医
                                                       [6]
           制度、构建合理有序的分级诊疗制度起到关键作用 。                            生收入高于乡镇或街道卫生院的全科医生                    [13] 。相较
               美国、英国、澳大利亚的全科医生制度建立时间                           于专科医生,全科医生的工作环境较差,尤其是身
           较长,已形成了较为完善的薪酬制度及绩效考核制度。                            处偏远地区的全科医生           [14] ,职业发展路径尚不清晰,
           据统计,澳大利亚每万名居民拥有的全科医生数量为                             发展机会也相对较少          [13] 。因此,进一步健全全科医
           11.7 名 [7] ,明显高于我国水平。就注册全科医师占执                      生薪酬激励机制、提高我国基层全科医生薪酬待遇,
           业医师总数的比例来看,英国达 60%                [8] ,澳大利亚         是为基层留住人才、筑牢基层人才基石的重要一环。
           达 45% [9] ,美国达 33%    [10] ,而我国仅为 9.4%     [2] 。    基于此,本研究选取美国、英国、澳大利亚、中国
           2010—2017 年美国、英国、澳大利亚的全科医生收入                        的全科医生薪酬制度作为研究对象,通过检索文献、
           每年以 1%~10.2% 的增速持续增长           [11] ;2019 年经济       浏览相关官方网站,对四国的全科医生收入来源、收
           合作与发展组织发布的数据显示,美国、英国、澳大                             入水平、薪资支付方式、薪资构成、绩效考核等的主
           利亚全科医生薪酬分别是社会平均收入的 3.5、3.1、                         要特点进行梳理归纳、对比分析,旨在为我国全科
           1.9 倍 [9] ,全科医生的职业“含金量”明显高于其他                       医生薪酬制度及绩效考核制度的完善提供决策支持。
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