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           first visit,primary disease,selection of primary vascular pathway and long-term vascular pathway,and death causes of dialysis
           patients in the previous year. Results (1)There were 662 new HD patients,with a male to female ratio of 1.38:1.(2)Newly
           added HD patients >40 years old accounted for 90.0%,and patients aged 61-70 accounted for the highest proportion of 28.1%.
          (3)The top three main illnesses among HD patients were diabetic kidney disease(DKD),chronic glomerulonephritis(CGN),
           and hypertensive nephropathy(HN);the primary disease of HD patients aged 21~40 was mainly CGN,the primary disease
           aged 41~70 was mainly DKD,and the primary disease aged 41~70 were mainly DKD and HN. (4) Non-tunneled catheters (NTC)
           accounted for 76.9%(509/662);arteriovenous fistulas(AVF) accounted for 19.9%(132/662);and after admission,
           82.1%(256/312) patients chose AVF and 9.0%(28/312) patients chose dialysis catheters(TCC) with tunnel and polyester
           sleeve.(5) Renal anemia,renal hypertension,digestive tract symptoms,metabolic acidosis,heart failure,and other
           cardiovascular events are the most common complications,accounting for 100.0%(662/662),77.0%(510/662),66.2%
           (438/662),50.2%(332/662)and 43.2%(286/662)respectively. (6) After one year,96.8%(641/662) of the patients
           survived,with the annual proportion of patients who gave up and died decreasing year by year;the annual proportion of patients
           who chose kidney transplantation and switched to peritoneal dialysis fluctuated slightly;cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events
           were the main cause of death within one year of follow-up. Conclusion From 2016 to 2020,the majority of new primary HD
           patients in our center are middle-aged and elderly,with males having a higher prevalence rate than females. DKD,CGN,and
           HN are the most common causes of ESRD,with DKD and HN onset ages older than CGN. NTC is still the main vascular access
           for primary dialysis. Renal anemia,renal hypertension,gastrointestinal symptoms,metabolic acidosis,heart failure and other
           cardiovascular events are the main complications of primary HD patients. Patients' awareness of seeking medical treatment and
           nephrologists' continuous education should be improved in order to achieve the timely establishment of long-term vascular access
           for patients and timely dialysis treatment. Simultaneously,the possibility of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in male
           DKD patients with high new age of HD needs attention,and intervention measures should be taken to reduce their mortality.
               【Key words】 Kindney diseases;Hemodialysis;Diabetic nephropathies;Vascular access devices;Renal
           replacement therapy;Primary disease;


               慢性肾脏病(CKD)由于其高患病率、高致残率、                          本研究价值:
           高医疗花费、低知晓率的特征,已成为危害人类健康的                                 本研究提示糖尿病肾病(DKD)、慢性肾小球肾
           重要公共卫生问题        [1] 。国外研究显示全球 CKD 的患病                炎(CGN)及高血压肾病(HN)是终末期肾脏病(ESRD)
           率为 13.4% [2] 。美国疾病控制和预防中心估计美国成                       主要发病原因,且 DKD、HN 发病年龄较 CGN 高;
           年人中 CKD 的患病率约为 15%          [3] 。我国 CKD 患病率          肾性贫血、肾性高血压者、消化道症状、代谢性酸中
           为 10.8%,提示我国成人中约 1.2 亿人患有 CKD              [4] 。     毒、心力衰竭及其他心血管事件是首次 HD 患者主要
           CKD 逐渐发展至终末期肾脏病(ESRD)时患者肾功能                          并发症。未来应加强对老年患者相关疾病的预防及防
           低下,体内毒素聚集,可引起患者肢体水肿、恶心、纳                             治,特别是糖尿病及其他代谢性疾病,其可能为有效
           差等不良症状,病情严重可发展为脓毒症,对患者生                              减少 ESRD 的重要措施。
           活质量和生命安全造成严重影响              [5] 。血液透析(HD)            本研究局限性:
           是 ESRD 患者肾脏替代治疗(RRT)的主要方法之一,                             (1)本研究属于回顾性研究,患者背景的异质
           其能通过体外血液循环的方式将血液中的代谢废物清                              性无法消除,其因果关系需要前瞻性研究进一步验证。
           除净化,有效维持并延长患者生存时间                  [6] 。随着透析         (2)数据中存在部分缺失,但是考虑到被调查患者
           设备、透析治疗技术的改进,加上透析治疗纳入我国                              数目众多,即使在排除或估算缺失值之后,统计能力
           大病医疗保险,接受 HD 的患者逐年增多;但是,HD                           仍然保留。(3)基础数据较多,可进一步深入挖掘
           患者的预后仍不理想,死亡率仍高达 28.42/1 000~167                     其数据背后的意义。(4)本研究未进一步探讨 HD
           /1 000 [7-8] 。深入了解该类患者的流行病学特点、并                      通路选择及不同透析模式对 HD 患者预后的影响。
           发症、血管通路的变化趋势及对透析时机的把握等可为
           该类患者的医疗决策提供依据。本研究回顾分析近五年                            院血液净化中心进行首次 HD 的 ESRD 患者为研究对象。
           新增首次 HD 患者的临床资料,以了解患者相关流行病                          纳入标准:(1)确诊为 CKD5 期;(2)首次行 HD;
           学特征变化趋势,从而提高患者透析质量、改善预后。                            (3)病史及诊疗资料齐全。排除标准:(1)急性肾损
           1 对象与方法                                             伤;(2)近半年内曾行腹膜透析;(3)肾移植术后。
           1.1 研究对象 选取 2016—2020 年在江苏大学附属医                     本研究经江苏大学附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(UJS-
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