Page 56 - 2023-01-中国全科医学
P. 56
2023年1月 第26卷 第1期 http: //www.chinagp.net E-mail: zgqkyx@chinagp.net.cn ·51·
the comorbidity rate of chronic diseases was 65.16%(4 792/7 354),with 32.16%(1 541/4 792) patients suffered from two
kinds of chronic diseases,and the diseases with the largest combination of two comorbidities were hypertension with arthritis or
rheumatism〔16.42%(253/1 541)〕. The results of the multivariate Logistic analysis showed that for the risk of comorbidities of
chronic diseases in the elderly,females were higher than that in males〔OR(95%CI)=1.371(1.177,1.596)〕,those over
70 years old were higher than those aged 60-70 years old〔OR(95%CI)=1.189(1.061,1.333)〕,those who slept for 6-8
hours or more than 8 hours at night were lower than those who slept for less than 6 hours at night〔OR(95%CI)=0.759(0.678,
0.850),OR(95%CI)=0.686(0.572,0.821)〕,those who took nap time of 0.5-1.0 h and over 1.0 h were higher than
those of less than 0.5 h 〔OR(95%CI)=1.238(1.102,1.391),OR(95%CI)=1.219(1.604,1.396)〕,those who felt
general and less satisfied with their health were higher than those who were very satisfied〔OR(95%CI)=1.755(1.537,2.004),
OR(95%CI)=5.890(4.930,7.037)〕,those who registered in urban areas were higher than those in the rural areas〔OR(95%CI)
=1.167(1.036,1.315)〕,those living in the central and western regions were higher than those in the eastern region〔OR(95%CI)
=1.311(1.158,1.483),OR(95%CI)=1.491(1.315,1.692)〕,those who were working were lower than those who had
worked〔OR(95%CI)=0.768(0.680,0.866)〕,and those with annual income > 50 000 per capita were higher than that of
less than 20 000 yuan〔OR(95%CI)=1.413(1.009,1.978)〕. Conclusion The incidence of chronic diseases comorbidity
is higher in the elderly in China. The influencing factors of comorbidity of chronic diseases are multi-level and multi-dimensional.
There are complex relationships between different influencing factors,which suggest strengthening multi-dimensional intervention
and management of chronic diseases from individual to environment,so as to improve the health level of the population.
【Key words】 Multiple chronic conditions;Aged;Health ecology model;Social determinants of health;Healthy
lifestyle;Prevalence;Root cause analysis
我国人口老龄化问题严重 [1] ,随着人口老龄化程度 于 2021 年 3 月开始数据分析与论文撰写。CHARLS 旨
的加深,慢性病共病(multimorbidity)现象日趋普遍 [2] 。 在收集代表中国≥ 45 岁中老年人家庭和个人的高质量
老年人慢性病共病指老年人同时存在≥ 2 种慢性病,包 微观数据,用以分析人口老龄化问题,推动我国跨学科
括躯体疾病、老年综合征及精神问题等 [3] 。美国疾病预 的老龄化问题研究 [9] 。CHARLS 是由北京大学国家发
防控制中心的数据表明,美国 50% 左右的老年慢性病患 展研究院主持、北京大学中国社会科学调查中心实施的
者同时患≥ 2 种慢性病 [4] ;2008 年瑞典的一项研究结 大型跨学科调查项目,调查对象涵盖中国内地 28 个省
果显示,约 55% 的老年人为慢性病共病患者,其中高龄、 份、150 个县级区划,总样本量为 19 816 [10] 。本研究
女性、低文化程度者的慢性病共病风险更高 [5] ;2018 年, 选取其中≥ 60 岁的样本 10 779 例,根据研究变量的完
我国≥ 45 岁中老年人的慢性病共病检出率为 55.77% [6] 。 整性,筛选出符合本研究要求的样本 7 354 例(68.23%)。
由此可见,老年人慢性病共病已经成为我国乃至世界亟 1.2 变量选择与定义
待解决的重要公共卫生问题。既往对人群慢性病共病影 1.2.1 因变量 (1)本研究纳入的慢性病为 CHARLS
响因素的研究主要集中在人口学特征、社会经济学因素、 数据库“Health Status and Functioning(健康状态与功能)”
健康相关行为等方面,缺乏系统性探索。健康生态学模 模块中被医生确诊的 14 种慢性病,包括高血压、血脂
型将生态学理论、方法运用于健康领域,强调社会环境 异常、糖尿病或血糖升高、恶性肿瘤、慢性肺部疾病、
对个体影响的多层次性,即个体健康是个体因素、社会 肝脏疾病、心脏病、脑卒中、肾脏疾病、胃部或消化系
环境、医疗政策、文化习俗等因素共同作用的结果 [7] 。 统疾病、精神及情感方面疾病、记忆相关性疾病、关节
近年来,健康生态学模型在医学卫生领域得到广泛应用, 炎或风湿病、哮喘。(2)当个体同时患有≥2种慢性病时,
运用该模型,可以从多维度探讨老年人慢性病共病的影 定义为共病患者;当患者仅患有 1 种或不患慢性病时,
响因素,从而为慢性病的预防与控制提供新思路、新方 定义为非共病患者 [3] 。本研究将慢性病共病赋值为 1,
式 [8] 。因此,本研究在分析我国老年人慢性病共病流 非慢性病共病赋值为 0。
行现状的基础上,利用健康生态学模型,从不同维度探 1.2.2 自变量 健康生态学模型是生态学的衍生模型之
讨我国老年人慢性病共病的影响因素,以期为我国慢性 一,目前该模型已经被广泛应用于个体疾病或健康的影
病共病的管理和防控提供依据。 响因素分析。该模型强调个体的健康是由个体本身和环
1 资料与方法 境共同作用的结果,主张从个体和环境等多个层面分析
1.1 资料来源 本研究数据来源于 2018 年中国健康与 健康或疾病的影响因素,从不同维度为个体提供健康信
养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal 息,进而达到促进健康的目的 [11] 。健康生态学模型主
Study,CHARLS),于2021年2月申请获取CHARLS数据, 要分为 5 个维度:核心层是个人特质层,选取的变量主