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           评价 [64-66] ,应用 TND 评估 EV-71 疫苗效果的有效性也得到             [6]MCLAUGHLIN J M,JIANG Q,ISTURIZ R E,et al. Effectiveness
           了验证  [67] ,TND 有望在国内更多种类的疫苗评价中发挥作用。                     of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against hospitalization
           此外,在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情全球大流行的背景下,无症                              for community-acquired pneumonia in older US adults:a test-
           状感染者的早期发现与管理难度大           [68] ,Delta [69] 、奥密克戎 [70]   negative design[J]. Clin Infect Dis,2018,67(10):1498-
           等新变异株接连出现,TND 作为一种简便、快速且有效的研                            1506. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciy312.
           究方法,有助于国内外学者紧急快速评估新冠疫苗及其他干                          [7]ARAKI K,HARA M,SHIMANOE C,et al. Case-control study of
           预措施的效果。                                                 Rotavirus vaccine effectiveness compared to test-negative controls or
               除疫苗保护效果的评价研究外,新衍生出的 rtTND、CR-                       hospital controls[J]. J Epidemiol,2019,29(8):282-287.
                                                                   DOI:10.2188/jea.JE20180054.
           TND 等设计类型也扩大了 TND 的应用范围,TND 被逐步用于
                                                               [8]ALI M,YOU Y A,SUR D,et al. Validity of the estimates of
           危险因素探索及干预措施效果评价等,具有良好的研究应用
                                                                   oral cholera vaccine effectiveness derived from the test-negative
           前景。随着该方法的广泛应用,未来 TND 还可用于不同国家
                                                                   design[J]. Vaccine,2016,34(4):479-485. DOI:10.1016/j.
           及地区对某种疫苗保护效果或干预措施效果的常规评估与监
                                                                   vaccine.2015.12.004.
           测 [20] ,有助于更好地规划与制定公共卫生应对措施。
                                                               [9]MAHAMUD A,KAMADJEU R,WEBECK J,et al. Effectiveness
               近年来,TND 已被广泛应用于疫苗上市后的效果评价,
                                                                   of oral polio vaccination against paralytic poliomyelitis:a matched
           也可用于危险因素探索及干预措施效果评价等,在国际全科
                                                                   case-control study in Somalia[J]. J Infect Dis,2014,210(Suppl
           临床医学相关研究中对该方法的运用越来越多。TND 作为
                                                                   1):S187-193. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiu261.
           一种简便、快速且有效的研究方法,具有广阔的应用前景。
                                                               [10]JOHNSON JONES M L,GARGANO J W,POWELL M,et al.
           TND 设计可与全科医生临床实践及数据有机结合,用于开展
                                                                    Effectiveness of 1,2,and 3 doses of human papillomavirus vaccine
           各类防治措施的有效性评价,例如 CR-TND 可用于评估社区
                                                                    against high-grade cervical lesions positive for human papillomavirus
           干预措施的有效性。                                                16 or 18[J]. Am J Epidemiol,2020,189(4):265-276.
               作者贡献:刘珏提出研究思路,进行文章的构思和设计、                            DOI:10.1093/aje/kwz253.
           资料收集,负责文章的质量控制、修改及审校;巫婷进行文                          [11]LI  Y,ZHOU  Y,CHENG  Y,et  al.  Effectiveness  of  EV-
           献 / 资料收集整理,撰写论文,进行论文的修订;刘珏对文章                            A71 vaccination in prevention of paediatric hand,foot,and
           整体负责,监督管理。                                               mouth disease associated with EV-A71 virus infection requiring
               本文无利益冲突。                                             hospitalisation in Henan,China,2017-18:a test-negative case-
           参考文献                                                     control study[J]. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health,2019,
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