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non-left-behind adolescents. Methods Rural left-behind and non-left-behind adolescents from 24 classes in 12 schools in
Shijiazhuang,Hebei Province were selected from October 2020 to October 2021. Three surveys(the first,second and third
were on cumulative ecological risk,future time perspective and healthy lifestyle,respectively) were conducted with them,and
had 1 135,1 102 and 1 053 responders,respectively. Person correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between
cumulative ecological risk,future time perspective and healthy lifestyle. Structural equation model was used for mediation
analysis,and Bootstrap sampling method was used to further assess the mediating effect of future time perspective. Results
Finally,1 053 cases who effectively responded to each of the three surveys were included for analysis,including 335 left-behind
adolescents(31.81%) and 718 non-left-behind adolescents(68.19%). The scores of annual cumulative ecological risk(October
2020),future time perspective(April 2021) and healthy lifestyle(October 2021) were(2.78±1.45),(53.40±13.80)
and (150.72±24.67),respectively for left-behind responders,and were (2.34±1.24),(59.21±8.46) and (159.07±14.43),
respectively for non-left-behind responders. Correlation analysis showed that cumulative ecological risk was negatively correlated
with both future time perspective and healthy lifestyle(P<0.05),and future time perspective was negatively correlated with
healthy lifestyle(P<0.05). Forced regression indicated that the healthy lifestyle was inversely and longitudinally influenced
by cumulative ecological risk in rural left-behind adolescents(β=-0.31,P<0.01),showing a trend of sharp and positively
accelerated decline. The healthy lifestyle was also inversely and longitudinally influenced by cumulative ecological risk in non-
left-behind adolescents(β=-0.22,P<0.01),demonstrating a relatively liner trend of mild decline. Mediating analysis using
Bootstrap sampling revealed that future time perspective played a mediating role in the longitudinal effect produced by cumulative
ecological risk on the healthy lifestyle in both rural left-behind and non-left-behind adolescents(P<0.01). Conclusion The
cumulative ecological risk may be a longitudinal predictor of the healthy lifestyle in left-behind and non-left-behind adolescents,
and its predictive value was higher in the latter. Future time perspective was a mediator in the relationship between cumulative
ecological risk and healthy lifestyle in both left-behind and non-left-behind adolescents.
【Key words】 Left-behind adolescents;Adolescent health;Cumulative ecological risk;Healthy lifestyle;Future
time insight;Mediation analysis
健康生活方式是人们根据自身的生活所能提供的 以往研究发现,累积生态风险对健康生活方式的影
选项进行生活选择的一系列内化的健康行为模式 [1] 。 响主要表现为两种作用模式,一是线性模式,二是非线
人们的健康问题很大程度上与特定的健康生活方式 性模式。非线性模式又分为两种,一种是正加速模式,
有关 [2] 。在众多健康生活方式促进理论中,累积生态 另一种是负加速模式 [8] 。那么,累积生态风险对农村留
风险理论近年来得到越来越多的关注,累积生态风险理 守和非留守青少年健康生活方式影响的模式是怎样的?
论是在社会生态理论基础上发展起来的理论。所谓累积 累积生态风险影响农村留守和非留守青少年健康生
生态风险是指对个体消极影响的多重、累加的社会生态 活方式的作用机制是什么?即哪些变量在农村留守和非
环境 [3] 。累积生态风险理论不强调某一生态风险的作 留守青少年累积生态风险与健康生活方式之间具有中介
用,认为尽管多个生态风险因素对个体行为和心理有所 作用?目前来看尚不明确。笔者团队尝试提出,未来时
影响,但每个生态风险因素均没有决定性作用,多重 间洞察力可能是其中的中介变量。未来时间洞察力是一
生态风险数目的累加对个体行为和心理的影响才更为重 种对自我未来发展可能性的认知、情感和行为倾向 [9] 。
大。虽然已有较多研究基于社会生态理论验证了不同生 累积生态风险与未来时间洞察力存在密切关联。如研
态风险对个体体育锻炼、健康饮食等健康生活方式的负 究发现,个体会因为周围不佳的生活环境而影响其未
面影响 [4-9] ,但探讨多重生态风险的累积效应与健康生 来时间洞察力 [10] 。亲密性师生关系、同学关系不佳是
活方式之间联系的文献较少 [5-6] ,且缺乏纵向追踪研究。 学生未来时间洞察力的风险因素之一 [11-12] 。同伴关系
另外,在研究对象上,累积生态风险对多个研究对象影 不佳与青少年学生未来时间洞察力存在负相关 [13] 。总
响的对比研究较少见。事实上,同时考察风险因素对多 之,不良社会生活环境对个体未来时间洞察力确有重要
个研究对象发展结果的影响十分必要,有助于发现风险 影响 [14] 。另有较多研究发现,未来时间洞察力和健康
因素对不同研究对象发展结果影响的不一致 [7] 。因此, 生活方式关系密切。如 ZIMBARDO 等 [15] (1999 年)
本文拟从累积生态风险理论入手,以农村留守和非留守 的研究发现,未来时间洞察力与药物滥用等不健康生活
青少年为研究对象,分析累积生态风险对其健康生活方 方式呈负相关。未来时间洞察力能够预测人们的吸烟、
式是否有纵向影响效应,以及二者有何不同。由此提出 饮酒、药物滥用等不健康行为 [16-17] 。未来时间洞察力
假设 1:累积生态风险对农村留守和非留守青少年健康 与多种积极健康行为有关 [18] 。一项 Meta 分析结果显示,
生活方式分别有纵向影响,影响效应有所不同。 未来时间洞察力对健康生活方式的预测效应较大,能够