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machine learning methods,explore gait markers differentiating between aMCI and AD,and to assess their possible values as
aided tools in diagnosing aMCI and AD. Methods We recruited 102 cases from the Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to National
Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids,the First People's Hospital of Foshan,and Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital
of Dalian University from December 2018 to December 2020,and included 98 of them according to the screening criteria,
including 55 patients with aMCI,10 patients with AD,and 33 healthy controls(HC). The gait parameters of the participants
were collected during performing single-task(free walking),dual-task(counting backwards in sevens) and another dual-
task(counting backwards from 100) using a wearable device. Random forest(RF)algorithm and gradient boosting decision
tree(GBDT)algorithm were separately used to establish a model to compare the effect of two algorithms in recognizing three
groups,with 10 gait parameters as predictive variables and the physical status(healthy,aMCI,AD) as response variables.
Then important features were chosen using a machine learning algorithm combined with recursive feature elimination(RFE).
Results No statistically significant differences were found among the three groups in terms of sex ratio,average age,height,
body weight or shoe size(P>0.05),while the differences in terms of average MMSE score and MoCA score were statistically
significant(P<0.05). In the free walking test,aMCI group and AD group had shorter average stride length and smaller average
heel-to-ground angle(HtA) than HC group(P<0.05). AD group had slower average gait speed and smaller average toe-off
angle(ToA) than both HC group and aMCI group(P<0.05). In performing the dual-task of counting backwards in sevens,
compared with HC group,aMCI group and AD group had slower average gait speed and smaller average ToA and HtA(P<0.05).
AD group had longer average stance phase than HC group(P<0.05). AD group had average smaller ToA than aMCI group(P<0.05).
In performing the dual-task of counting backwards from 100,AD group had slower average gait speed and smaller average HtA
and ToA than both HC group and aMCI group(P<0.05). Moreover,AD group had shorter average stride length than HC group
(P<0.05). The average HtA in aMCI group was smaller than that in HC group(P<0.05). Using the GBDT-RFE method,
we found important gait features in distinguishing between aMCI and AD to be the stride length,ToA and HtA,and the model
using the RF algorithm performed better in identifying aMCI and AD,with an accuracy as high as 87.69%. Conclusion Stride
length,ToA and HtA are important gait markers to identify aMCI and AD. These findings could help clinicians diagnose aMCI and
AD in the future.
【Key words】 Cognitive dysfunction;Amnestic mild cognitive impairment;Alzheimer's disease;Gait analysis;
Random forest;Gradient boosting decision tree
随着我国老龄化社会的到来,与年龄密切相关的认 的起立行走测试时,所测的部分步态参数差异有统计学
[9]
知障碍,包括痴呆的患病率,近年来呈明显增加的趋势。 意义 。本研究在此基础上通过机器学习建立分类模型,
认知障碍包括几种情况,症状从轻度〔如轻度认知障碍 同时以 aMCI 患者和 AD 患者为研究对象,目的是确定
[1]
(MCI)〕到重度〔如阿尔茨海默病(AD)和其他痴呆〕 。 基于步态的最佳机器学习模型和临床相关的重要步态特
AD 被世界卫生组织确认为全球公共卫生重点 [2] 。MCI 征,用于识别 aMCI 患者和 AD 患者。
是指正常衰老和痴呆之间的过渡阶段。MCI 分为遗忘 1 对象与方法
型 MCI(aMCI)和非遗忘型 MCI,aMCI 主要影响短期 1.1 研究对象 2018 年 12 月至 2020 年 12 月,从国家
记忆或长期记忆 [3] 。最确定的 AD 前期亚型是 aMCI, 康复辅具研究中心附属康复医院、佛山市第一人民医
被认为是 AD 的前驱症状,年转换率为 6%~25% [4] 。 院和大连大学附属中山医院招募了 102 例受试者,按
除了认知障碍外,MCI 患者还可能出现运动功能障碍, 照纳入与排除标准最终纳入 98 例受试者,其中 55 例为
例如步态障碍 [5] 。而步态障碍在 AD 患者中也很常见。 aMCI 患者,10 例为 AD 患者,33 例为健康对照(HC)
先前的研究表明,步态与认知有着密切的关系 [6] 。例 者。本研究获得了佛山市第一人民医院研究伦理委员会
如,ROSSO 等 [7] 发现步态减慢与认知障碍之间的关联 的伦理学批准(审批号:IA-201944),并在入组时获
得到了共同神经基质的支持,该基质包括较小的右侧海 得参与者的书面知情同意书。
马体。由于步态与认知能力相关,因此具有不同的认知 aMCI 患者的纳入标准:(1)有患者报告的主观认
能力的人群所表现的步态状态也不一样,越来越多的研 知主诉,并通过访谈确定,最好由知情人确认;(2)
究证明了这一点。BEAUCHET 等 [8] 在采用步态评估痴 单域或多域认知能力下降,并以记忆力损害为典型表现
呆患者时发现,步长的高平均值和变异系数是中度痴呆 (低于与年龄和受教育程度匹配的 HC 的 1.5 个标准差);
的特征,而步幅时间变异系数的增加则与 MCI 状态有 (3)经临床医生访谈确认日常生活活动能力保留;(4)
关。另外有研究发现 MCI 组与 AD 组在单任务和双任务 临床痴呆评定(Clinical Dementia Rating,CDR)量表评