Abstract: According to the World Health Organization （WHO），about 20% to 30% of children worldwide suffer from seasonal influenza every year.In flu season，the annual infection rate can be as high as 50%.Children aged 5-9 years have the highest infection rate，and children under 5 years have the highest rate of influenza-related hospitalization.Severe flu and death cases often occur in children under 2 years.The American Academy of Pediatrics （AAP） has revised the Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children for several years，focusing on influenza prevention，vaccine use，and antiviral drug prescriptions，and noted that vaccination is the best preventive measure against influenza.This article interpreted the key content of Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children（2018—2019） formulated by AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases.The content included that updated trivalent （including influenza A H1N1，H3N2 and influenza B Victoria） or quadvalent （Influenza B Yamagata） inactivated influenza vaccine （IIV） should be the first choice for children's vaccination during the influenza season from 2018 to 2019；antiviral drugs are important for influenza control，which can be used as an important supplementary means of influenza prevention，but they can not replace influenza vaccine inoculation；influenza-infected children with high risks of influenza are recommended to use antiviral therapy as soon as possible；general practitioners，other health workers should pay attention to vaccine for children before the influenza season arrives，and even during influenza epidemics.

Key words: Influenza, human；Child；Universal precautions；Therapy；Influenza vaccines；Oseltamivir

摘要： 据世界卫生组织（WHO）的数据显示，全球每年有20%～30%的儿童罹患季节性流行性感冒（简称流感），在高流行季节，儿童流感年感染率可高达50%左右，其中5～9岁儿童感染率最高，5岁以下儿童流感相关住院率最高，重症和死亡病例常发生在2岁以下儿童。美国儿科学会（AAP）已连续数年修订了《儿童流感的预防与控制建议》方案，重点针对流感预防、疫苗使用、抗病毒药物应用提出建议，并指出接种疫苗是预防流感的最佳预防措施。本文通过解读AAP感染性疾病委员会制定的《儿童流感的预防与控制建议（2018—2019年）》的重点内容，主要包括：更新的三价（包含甲型流感病毒中的H1N1、H3N2及乙型流感病毒中的Victoria系）或四价（增加乙型流感病毒中的Yamagata系）灭活疫苗（IIV）作为2018—2019年流感流行季节儿童疫苗接种的首选；抗病毒药物对控制流感很重要，其可作为流感预防的重要辅助手段，但不能替代流感疫苗的接种；流感患儿或有高危因素的疑似流感儿童建议尽早使用抗病毒药物。旨在指导全科医生、其他医疗卫生工作者在流感流行季节到来之前以及流感流行期间儿童疫苗的接种。

关键词: 流感, 人；儿童；综合预防；治疗；流感疫苗；奥司他韦