中国全科医学 ›› 2025, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (01): 53-58.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2024.0041

• 论著 • 上一篇    下一篇

家庭认知环境对儿童早期语言发育的影响:一项上海市的回顾性病例对照研究

郭志超1, 崔丹1, 包嘉珺1, 施渭青1, 韦康1, 杨兴堂1, 俞文雅2,*()   

  1. 1.200941 上海市宝山区月浦镇社区卫生服务中心预防保健科
    2.200025 上海市,上海交通大学医学院公共卫生学院
  • 收稿日期:2024-01-15 修回日期:2024-09-08 出版日期:2025-01-05 发布日期:2024-10-30
  • 通讯作者: 俞文雅

  • 作者贡献:

    郭志超提出主要研究目标,负责研究的构思与设计,结果的分析与解释,论文起草与撰写;俞文雅负责数据清洗和统计学分析,绘制图表,负责最终版本修订,对文章整体负责;崔丹、包嘉珺负责问卷调查,数据收集、整理;施渭青负责调查对象的选取,问卷调查;韦康负责研究对象筛查;杨兴堂指导研究方案,对文章进行监督管理。

  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金资助项目(72104140); 上海市浦江人才计划(21PJC083); 上海市卫生健康委员会卫生行业临床研究专项(20234Y0070); 上海市宝山区科学技术委员会医学卫生项目(21-E-49)

The Influence of Family Cognitive Environment on Early Childhood Language Development: a Retrospective Case-control Study in Shanghai

GUO Zhichao1, CUI Dan1, BAO Jiajun1, SHI Weiqing1, WEI Kang1, YANG Xingtang1, YU Wenya2,*()   

  1. 1. Department of Prevention and Health Care, Yuepu Town Community Health Service Center of Baoshan District, Shanghai 200941, China
    2. School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
  • Received:2024-01-15 Revised:2024-09-08 Published:2025-01-05 Online:2024-10-30
  • Contact: YU Wenya

摘要: 背景 儿童早期语言发育迟缓发生率高、早期识别率低,对儿童其他维度的早期发展有显著负面影响。家庭认知环境是影响儿童早期语言发育的关键因素。 目的 本研究旨在探索家庭认知环境对儿童早期语言发育的影响,从家庭认知环境的社区干预角度,为儿童早期的语言发育促进提供理论证据。 方法 采用回顾性病例对照研究,对2018—2020年在上海市某社区卫生服务中心儿童保健门诊体检的4 307名儿童在1、2、3周岁时采用上海市小儿发育筛查量表Ⅱ(DenverⅡ)进行发育筛查,将筛查出的语言发育迟缓的172名儿童作为观察组,以年龄作为配对因素,按照1∶3的比例纳入516名语言发育正常的儿童作为对照组。收集两组儿童出生基本特征、父母人口学特征、母亲孕期和分娩特征以及家庭认知环境特征信息。采用Logistic回归分析探讨儿童早期语言发育迟缓的影响因素。 结果 早期语言发育迟缓的儿童共172名,发生率为3.99%,其中,1岁儿童57名(33.14%),2岁儿童92名(53.49%),3岁儿童23名(13.37%)。病例组儿童男性、早产、母亲文化程度为高中以下比例高于对照组(P<0.05)。病例组儿童的总体家庭认知环境及情感温暖、社会适应、语言环境和忽视环境弱于对照组(P<0.05)。儿童早产、母亲文化程度低(高中以下)、家庭认知环境不良是儿童早期语言发育迟缓的危险因素(P<0.05)。 结论 在2岁前进行语言发育干预是有效降低儿童语言发育迟缓率的关键。社区儿童保健医生指导优化家庭养育环境、协助建立良好亲子沟通和交流互动,是促进儿童早期语言发育的有效策略,尤其要关注出生胎龄小和母亲文化程度低的家庭,为其提供更有针对性的亲子活动和亲子沟通方面的干预和指导。

关键词: 语言发展障碍, 家庭环境, 认知环境, 儿童, 儿童语言, 儿童早期发展, 病例对照研究

Abstract:

Background

The incidence of delay language development in early childhood is high, and the early recognition rate is low, which has a significant negative impact on the early childhood development of other dimensions. The family cognitive environment is a key factor affecting early childhood language development.

Objective

This study aimed to explore the influence of family cognitive environment on early childhood language development, and provide theoretical basis for promoting early childhood language development from the perspective of community intervention on family cognitive environment.

Methods

A retrospective case-control study was conducted on 4 307 children who were admitted to a community child healthcare department in Shanghai from 2018 to 2020. The Shanghai Pediatric Development Screening Scale Ⅱ (DenverⅡ) was used for developmental screening, which was conducted at the child's age of 1, 2, and 3 years old. A total of 172 children with delay language development were selected as the case group, and 516 children with normal language development were included in the control group, which was determined by the matching factor of age, with a ratio of the number of children in the case and control groups being 1∶3. The following information of children in both groups were collected, including children's basic birth characteristics, parental demographic characteristics, maternal pregnancy and childbirth characteristics, and family cognitive environment characteristics. The Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of delay early childhood language development.

Results

A total of 172 children with delayed early language development had an incidence rate of 3.99%, among them ,1-year-old, 2-year-old, and 3-year old children accounted for 33.14% (57 cases), 53.49% (92 cases), and 13.37% (23 cases), respectively. The proportions of male children, children with premature birth, and children with maternal education of high school and below were higher in the case group than those in the control group (P<0.05). The overall family cognitive environment, emotional warmth, social adaptation, linguistic environment, and neglectful environment of the children in the case group were less favorable compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). premature birth, low maternal education, and poor family cognitive environment were risk factors of delay early childhood language development (P<0.05) .

Conclusion

Interventions for language development before the age of 2 were key to effectively reducing the rate of delay childhood language development. Guiding and optimizing the family caregiving environment, assisting in establishing good parent-child communication and interaction by community child healthcare doctors could be effective strategies for promoting early childhood language development. Community child healthcare doctors should pay special attention to children with young gestational age and low maternal education, and provide more targeted interventions and guidance on parent-child activities and communication.

Key words: Language development disorders, Home environment, Cognitive environment, Child, Child language, Early childhood development, Case-control studies