中国全科医学 ›› 2018, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (14): 1648-1656.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2018.00.119

所属专题: 共病最新文章合集

• 专题研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

北京市某三级医院综合科老年共病住院患者临床特点分析

闫巍1,李瑞2,王杰萍1,张洪波1,吴薇1,王斐1,张洁3,张新焕3,朱钟慧4,5,杜雪平6*   

  1. 1.100038北京市,首都医科大学附属复兴医院全科医学科 2.100026北京市第一中西医结合医院肾内科 3.100038北京市,首都医科大学附属复兴医院综合科 4.100069北京市,首都医科大学公共卫生学院 5.100069北京市,首都医科大学环境毒理学北京市重点实验室 6.100038北京市,首都医科大学附属复兴医院月坛社区卫生服务中心
    *通信作者:杜雪平,教授,博士生导师;E-mail:Xueping50@yahoo.com
    *Corresponding author:DU Xue-ping,Professor,Doctoral supervisor;E-mail:Xueping50@yahoo.com
  • 出版日期:2018-05-15 发布日期:2018-05-15
  • 基金资助:
    首都医科大学基础-临床科研合作基金(16JL59)

Clinical Characteristics of Elderly Inpatients with Multimorbidity in Geriatric Department of a Tertiary Hospital in Beijing

  1. 1.Department of General Practice,Fuxing Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100038,China
    2.Department of Nephrology,Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine,Beijing 100026,China
    3.Geriatric Department,Fuxing Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100038,China
    4.School of Public Health,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100069,China
    5.Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100069,China
    6.Yuetan Community Health Service Center of Fuxing Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100038,China
  • Published:2018-05-15 Online:2018-05-15

摘要: 小编 多病共存是老年患者的疾病特点。目前,随着社会老龄化日趋严重,老年共病已成为重要公共卫生问题。老年共病患者出现慢性病急性加重或合并感染等情况时,多需要住院治疗。老年共病住院患者成为一个特殊的群体,其医疗及出院后健康管理成为老年科医师和全科医师必须面对的挑战。因此,为需要了解老年患者共病组成情况及临床特征。闫巍作者等人调查了首都医科大学附属复兴医院综合科≥60岁共病住院患者的共病组成情况,分析其临床特征,为老年共病患者的医疗工作和健康管理提供数据资料。             本研究共纳入年龄≥60岁的非重复住院共病患者761例;男465例,女296例;<80岁患者125例,≥80岁患者636例。老年共病住院患者患慢性病数量为2~16个,其中31.4%(239/761)的患者患9种慢性病,19.3%(147/761)的患者患11种慢性病,18.0%(137/761)的患者患8种慢性病。老年共病住院患者慢性病累及系统数量为2~9个,其中27.9%(212/761)的患者累及5个系统,25.9%(197/761)的患者累及6个系统,12.2%(93/761)的患者累及4个系统。 老年共病住院患者各种慢性病患病情况:74.9%(562/761)患高血压,73.9%(561/761)患高脂血症,66.8%(505/761)患脑梗死,48.1%(366/761)患冠心病,38.1%(290/761)患糖尿病。 不同性别患者神经系统疾病中脑梗死和其他、呼吸系统疾病中慢性阻塞性肺疾病、泌尿系统疾病中前列腺增生、肌肉骨骼系统疾病中其他患病率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。≥80岁患者冠心病、慢性心力衰竭、心律失常、消化性溃疡患病率高于<80岁患者(P<0.05)。18.7%(142/761)老年共病住院患者患有系统肿瘤,其中以消化系统肿瘤为主。41.3%(314/761)的患者由于急性感染入院。46.5%(354/761)的患者发生感染(40例为院内获得性感染),其中肺部感染占82.8%(293/354)。≥80岁患者感染发生率高于<80岁患者(P=0.001)。发生感染患者住院期间消化道出血、低蛋白血症、贫血加重、电解质紊乱、肝功能受损、胃肠功能紊乱、压疮、呼吸衰竭、急性心力衰竭发生率及住院日均费用高于未发生感染患者(P<0.05)。 本文提示 提示1:临床医师在接诊老年共病患者时,不能孤立地诊治某一独立疾病,不能机械地套用针对某一单一疾病制定的指南,要以患者为中心,关注整体,进行个体化的治疗,应采取综合管理措施帮助老年人恢复功能状态和提高生活质量。 提示2:临床医师在老年共病住院患者的诊治中尤其需要关注心脑血管方面的基础疾病。 提示3:骨关节病患病率为34.0%,居第6位。老年人多病共存,住院后肌肉减少症(肌少症)、衰弱进一步加重,加之多重用药,增加了跌倒风险,严重者可导致骨折,进而使疾病更加复杂化。因此,对于老年共病住院患者应关注骨关节病及骨质疏松问题,住院期间加强照护,预防跌倒,防止骨折等不良事件的发生。 提示4:老年共病住院患者慢性贫血发生率约为1/5。慢性贫血使各个器官长期处于慢性缺血缺氧状态,导致多种危害,如贫血与直立性低血压相关,合并贫血的老年共病住院患者再入院及3个月内病死率均增加。因此,临床医师应重视老年患者的贫血状态,积极寻找病因,纠正贫血。 提示5:临床医师高度重视发:生感染的老年共病患者,尤其是呼吸道感染患者,除了积极抗感染及关注基础疾病以外,还应警惕急性心力衰竭的发生,关注血红蛋白、清蛋白等指标,注意改善其营养状况。 提示6:呼吁力发展全科医学,培养老年科医师全科理念以更好地为老年患者提供全面、连续、综合的医疗服务。 小结 老年共病患者多数患9种慢性病,慢性病可累及4~6个系统,以高血压、高脂血症、脑梗死、冠心病、糖尿病等慢性病多发。老年共病患者容易发生呼吸道感染,在住院期间容易出现多种急性并发症,疾病负担增高。因此,临床医师在老年患者的医疗工作中,应关注老年多病共存现象,为老年患者实行个体化的综合治疗和健康管理。 文章点评 本研究对象为北京市某三级医院综合科一个自然年的住院患者的病例资料,各种慢性病诊断依据、病历资料中的出院诊断、资料真实可靠,可为老年共病研究及制定老年共病住院患者共病管理及防控策略提供第一手数据。本研究还存在一定的局限性,本文属单中心研究,研究对象为北京市某三级医院综合科住院患者,病源多来自附近老年居民及国家大机关、部委老干部,且高龄患者所占比例超过80%,存在选择偏倚,研究结果尚缺乏代表性,今后还需进一步收集多中心老年共病患者的临床资料加以分析。另外,目前部分关于老年共病的研究聚焦在老年综合征。本研究中共病定义为各系统慢性病,没有包括老年综合征,没有关于老年失能(包括视力下降、耳聋、大小便失禁、便秘、肢体活动障碍、肌少症、衰弱等)情况的数据。当前,老年医学领域的研究热点包括肌少症和衰弱,国内外关于上述研究已经广泛开展,取得一定研究结果。  

关键词: 慢性病, 共病现象, 老年人, 住院病人, 患病率

Abstract:

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of elderly inpatients with multimorbidity from Geriatric Department,Fuxing Hospital,Capital Medical University based on the collected medical records,providing theoretical evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of such patients.Methods The enrolled elderly inpatients with multimorbidity were from Geriatric Department,Fuxing Hospital,Capital Medical University from April 1st,2016 to March 31st,2017.Based on the reviewing of their medical records,we analyzed the prevalence of chronic diseases and the involved systems,summarized the causes of hospitalization,incidence of infection and site of infection,and compared the prevalence of chronic diseases and incidence of infections by sex and age group(≥80 age group and <80 age group).Moreover,the incidence of in-hospital acute complications,length of stay(LOS) and mean hospital costs per day between patients with infections during hospitalization and those without were compared.Results 761 inpatients(465 males and 296 females) aged 60 or over(125 patients <80 years old,and 636 patients≥80 years old) with multimorbidity and non-repetitive hospitalization history were analyzed.The number of chronic diseases in the inpatients ranged from 2 to 16.31.4%(239/761),19.3%(147/761)and 18.0%(137/761)had 9,11,8 chronic diseases,respectively.The number of systems involved by chronic diseases was 2-9 generally,in particular,the number of involved systems of 27.9%(212/761),25.9%(197/761) and 12.2%(93/761) of the patients was 5,6,4,respectively.With regard to the prevalence of chronic diseases,74.9%(562/761)were found with hypertension,73.9%(561/761)with hyperlipidemia,66.8%(505/761) with cerebral infarction,48.1%(366/761) with coronary heart disease and 38.1%(290/761) with diabetes.Sex was not significantly associated with the prevalence of cerebral infarction and other nervous system diseases except cerebral infarction,neuropathy,dementia,and sequelae of cerebral hemorrhage,prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,prevalence of prostatic hyperplasia,and prevalence of musculoskeletal system diseases except osteoarthropathy,osteoporosis and cervical / lumbar disease(P<0.05).Compared with those aged less than 80 years,patients aged 80 or over had much higher prevalence of coronary heart disease,chronic heart failure,arrhythmia,and peptic ulcer(P<0.05).Systemic neoplasms(most were gastrointestinal neoplasms) were identified in 18.7%(142/761)of the inpatients.In terms of the causes for hospitalization,41.3%(314/761) were due to acute infection.Of the 46.5%(354/761) had infections,40 were found with hospital-acquired infections,and 82.8%(293/354) with pulmonary infection.Patients aged less than 80 years had much lower incidence of infections compared with those aged 80 or over(P=0.001).Compared with those with infections,those without infections demonstrated much lower incidences of gastrointestinal hemorrhage,hypoproteinemia,anemia exacerbation,electrolyte disorder,impaired liver function,gastrointestinal dysfunction,pressure sore,respiratory failure,acute heart failure and lower mean hospital costs per day(P<0.05).Conclusion The majority of the elderly inpatients have 9 chronic diseases,and most of which are hypertension,hyperlipidemia,cerebral infarction,coronary heart disease and diabetes,involving 4-6 systems.Nearly half of these patients are prone to infections,which causes great economic burden.In view of this,individualized treatment is suggested for this population.

Key words: Chronic disease, Comorbidity, Aged, Inpatients, Prevalence